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Bacillus thuringiensis
''Bacillus thuringiensis'' (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. ''B. thuringiensis'' also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities.
During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called δ-endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes.〔Kumar PA, Malik VS and Sharma RP 1996 Insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Advances in Applied Microbiology 42:1-43 (Academic Press)〕 Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties.
==Taxonomy and discovery==
''B. thuringiensis'' was first discovered in 1901 by Japanese biologist Ishiwata Shigetane.〔 In 1911, ''B. thuringiensis'' was rediscovered in Germany by Ernst Berliner, who isolated it as the cause of a disease called ''Schlaffsucht'' in flour moth caterpillars. In 1976, Robert A. Zakharyan reported the presence of a plasmid in a strain of ''B. thuringiensis'' and suggested the plasmid's involvement in endospore and crystal formation. ''B. thuringiensis'' is closely related to ''B.cereus'', a soil bacterium, and ''B.anthracis'', the cause of anthrax; the three organisms differ mainly in their plasmids.〔Ole Andreas Økstad and Anne-Brit Kolstø (Chapter 2: Genomics of Bacillus Species ) in M. Wiedmann, W. Zhang (eds.), Genomics of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, 29 Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 〕 Like other members of the genus, all three are aerobes capable of producing endospores.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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